51
121.760
Sb
Antimony

Antimony

6.68
121.760
[Kr] 4d105s25p3
121Sb
15
5
p
51
2, 8, 18, 18, 5
830.583
Sb
6.68
630.628°C, 1167.13°F, 903.778 K
1587°C, 2889°F, 1860 K
approx 1600BC
7440-36-0
4510681
More Information
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Uses and Properties

Image Explanation

Stibnite (Sb2S3), an antimony-based compound, constitutes the core component of kohl. Known since ancient times, its compounds were finely powdered for applications in medicine and cosmetics, often referred to by the Arabic name kohl.

Appearance

Antimony is a semi-metal. In its metallic form it is silvery, hard and brittle.

Uses

Antimony: Unveiling the Versatility of an Elemental Maverick


In the realm of elements, Antimony, with its distinctive properties and historical significance, emerges as a versatile yet often underrated player in various industries. This unassuming metalloid, denoted by the symbol Sb, has silently contributed to human progress, finding applications in realms as diverse as medicine, technology, and even the world of fashion.

 

1. Historical Prelude: Antimony Through the Ages


Antimony has a storied history that dates back to ancient times. Its compounds were known to early civilizations, with the distinctive black powder, antimony trisulfide, being a key ingredient in cosmetics and medicinal formulations. Ancient cultures, including the Egyptians and Romans, recognized the potential of antimony compounds for enhancing beauty and promoting health, often employing them in eyeliners and ointments.

 

2. Alloys and Metallurgy: Strengthening Structures


One of Antimony's primary roles lies in its ability to form alloys, imparting unique properties to materials. Antimonial lead, an alloy of lead and antimony, is renowned for its hardness and resistance to corrosion. This alloy has found applications in the production of batteries, cable sheathing, and bearings, contributing to the robustness of structures and devices across various industries.

 

3. Fire Retardants: Antimony in Safety


Antimony trioxide, derived from antimony, plays a crucial role in fire retardant formulations. Its ability to inhibit the spread of flames makes it an invaluable component in materials such as plastics, textiles, and building materials. This application ensures enhanced fire safety in a wide range of products, from clothing to construction materials, underscoring the importance of antimony in safeguarding lives and property.

 

4. Catalysis in Industry: Driving Chemical Transformations


Antimony compounds, particularly antimony pentoxide, exhibit catalytic properties that find utility in various industrial processes. From the production of polyester to the creation of plastics, antimony-based catalysts facilitate chemical transformations that are integral to the manufacturing of diverse materials. This catalytic prowess positions antimony as a silent enabler of industrial innovation.

 

5. Antimony in Electronics: Enhancing Connectivity


In the realm of electronics, antimony serves as a key player in the production of semiconductors. Antimony trisulfide, known for its semiconducting properties, contributes to the efficiency of certain electronic components. This application is crucial for the development of advanced technologies, from integrated circuits to optoelectronic devices, highlighting antimony's role in powering the electronic landscape.

 

6. Antimony in Medicine: Balancing Tradition and Modernity


While the historical use of antimony in medicine may evoke images of ancient remedies, modern science continues to explore its potential therapeutic applications. Some antimony compounds are investigated for their antimicrobial properties, raising the prospect of new treatments in the ongoing battle against infectious diseases. This intersection of tradition and modern research underscores the adaptability of antimony in the pursuit of health and well-being.

 

7. Fashion and Pigments: Antimony's Aesthetic Impact


Antimony has even left its mark on the world of fashion and aesthetics. Antimony compounds, with their vibrant colors, have been employed as pigments in cosmetics and textiles. From vivid eye shadows to dyes for fabrics, antimony's aesthetic impact extends beyond functionality, adding a touch of allure to products in the realms of beauty and fashion.

 

8. The Future of Antimony: A Continuum of Innovation


As we navigate the complexities of the 21st century, the role of antimony continues to evolve. Ongoing research explores new applications and refines existing ones, pushing the boundaries of what this elemental maverick can achieve. Whether in the pursuit of sustainable technologies or groundbreaking medical treatments, antimony remains a dynamic element with the potential to shape the future in ways yet to be fully realized.

 

Conclusion: Antimony - A Hidden Force in Our Lives


In the symphony of elements, antimony may not always take center stage, but its contributions resonate across a spectrum of industries and applications. From ancient cosmetics to modern electronics, antimony's versatility and unique properties have woven it into the fabric of human progress. As we continue to unlock the mysteries of this elemental maverick, the story of antimony unfolds as a testament to its enduring relevance in our ever-evolving world.

History

In the vast tapestry of elements, Antimony, with its intriguing history and diverse applications, emerges as a resilient and versatile player in the unfolding narrative of human civilization. This elemental stalwart, represented by the symbol Sb, has witnessed epochs, shaped industries, and quietly played pivotal roles in fields ranging from alchemy to modern technology.

 

1. Ancient Alchemy: The Alchemical Elegance of Antimony


The historical journey of Antimony finds its roots in the world of ancient alchemy, where it was revered for its enigmatic properties. Alchemists, driven by the pursuit of transmutation and the philosopher's stone, held Antimony in high regard. The metal's ability to resist fusion and its curious behavior during heating made it a subject of fascination, earning it a prominent place in the alchemical tradition.

 

2. Cultural Reverence: Antimony in Ancient Civilizations


As civilizations unfolded across the ancient world, Antimony made its mark in diverse cultures. The Egyptians, recognizing its medicinal properties, used Antimony compounds in various ointments and cosmetics. The Greeks also employed it in medical concoctions, adding a layer of mystique to its historical significance. Antimony became a symbol of alchemical wisdom, blending science and spirituality in ancient traditions.

 

3. The Alchemical Symbolism: Antimony and the Philosophers' Stone


Antimony's rich symbolism in alchemy extended beyond its material properties. It became associated with the allegorical quest for the philosophers' stone—a mythical substance believed to enable the transmutation of base metals into gold and grant immortality. The intricate interplay of Antimony's properties and its symbolism contributed to the captivating lore surrounding alchemical pursuits.

 

4. The Transition to Modern Chemistry: Antimony's Role in Industry


The transition from alchemy to modern chemistry brought new insights into Antimony's properties and applications. The metal found practical uses in various industries, particularly metallurgy. Antimony alloys, such as type metal, gained popularity due to their low melting points and casting capabilities. This marked the beginning of Antimony's transformation from an alchemical curiosity to an industrially significant element.

 

5. Antimony in Medicine: Balancing Healing and Harm


Throughout history, Antimony's medicinal applications were intertwined with its toxic nature. Despite its toxicity, Antimony compounds were utilized in traditional medicine for their potential healing properties. Antimonial drugs were employed to treat ailments ranging from parasitic infections to fevers. However, the delicate balance between therapeutic benefits and toxic effects posed challenges that prompted caution in its medical use.

 

6. Antimony in Fashion: The Aesthetics of Antimony Compounds


Antimony compounds, known for their vibrant colors, found a place in the realm of aesthetics. Antimony trisulfide, with its characteristic orange-red hue, became a popular pigment in cosmetics and textiles. From ancient eyeliners to contemporary fashion, Antimony's aesthetic appeal has left an indelible mark on the world of beauty and style.

 

7. The Industrial Revolution and Beyond: Antimony Enters the Mainstream


The Industrial Revolution ushered in a new era for Antimony. Its applications expanded into diverse industries, driven by the metal's unique properties. Antimony trioxide, derived from Antimony, became a vital component in flame retardants, contributing to enhanced fire safety in various products. The widespread use of Antimony in alloys, batteries, and electronics marked its integration into mainstream industrial processes.

 

8. Contemporary Applications: Antimony in the 21st Century


As we navigate the complexities of the 21st century, Antimony continues to play a significant role in various domains. Its presence in flame retardants ensures safety in everyday products. In electronics, Antimony's semiconducting properties contribute to the efficiency of certain devices. Ongoing research explores new applications, from sustainable technologies to advanced medical treatments, showcasing Antimony's adaptability in a rapidly evolving world.

 

Conclusion: Antimony - A Metal of Continuity and Transformation


The history of Antimony is a tale of continuity and transformation. From the mystical world of ancient alchemy to the pragmatic landscapes of modern industry, Antimony has adapted, leaving its imprint on the annals of science, culture, and technology. As we peer into the future, Antimony stands as a testament to the enduring legacy of elements, continuously shaping and reshaping our world across the ages.

Atomic Data

Atomic Radiues, Non-bonded (A): 2.06
Electron Affinity (kJ mol-1): 100.924
Covalent Radiues (A): 1.40
Electronegativity (Pauling Scale): 2.05
Ionisation Energies (kJ mol-1) 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th
830.583 1604.55 2441.1 4264.7 5403 10420 - -

Oxidation States and Isotopes

Common oxidation states 1
Isotope Atomic Mass Natural Abundance Half Life Mode of Decay
121Sb 120.904 57.21 - -
123Sb 122.904 42.79 - -

Supply Risk

Relative Supply Risk: 9
Crustal Abundance (ppm): 0.2
Recycle Rate (%): <10
Production Conc.(%) : 88
Top 3 Producers:
1) China
2) Bolivia
3) Tajikistan
Top 3 Reserve Holders:
1) China
2) Russia
3) Bolivia
Substitutability: Medium
Political Stability of Top Producer: 24.1
Political Stability of Top Reserve Holder: 24.1

Pressure and Temperature Data

Specific Heat Capacity: 207
Shear Modulus: Unknown
Young Modulus: Unknown
Bulk Modulus: 42
Pressure 400k Pressure 600k Pressure 800k Pressure 1000k Pressure 1200k Pressure 1400k Pressure 1600k Pressure 1800k Pressure 2000k Pressure 2200k Pressure 2400k
- - - - - - - - - - 42

Podcast

Transcript :

Antimony is a chemical element found in Group 15 of the periodic table. It is also a member of the Pnictogen Family. Antimony is a semi-metallic element. The Greek prefix "anti" as well as the word "monos" provide the basis for the term "Antimony." The Chinese government has put an increased attention on environmental protection. This includes a ban on smuggling of the element. Despite the fact that this element is a scarce resource, the price will eventually adjust to reflect increased competition.

It is important to know how the element enters the environment, including from coal combustion, incineration, and mining byproducts. There are some documented effects of inhaled Antimony, including respiratory tract inflammation and irritation. However, the effects are limited to covalent interactions with sulfhydryl groups, phosphates, and macromolecules. During the Middle Ages, alchemists used Antimony to create a substance called Antimony Oxychloride. It was regarded as the "mercury of life". Since the compound functions as both an emetic and a laxative, it was originally used as a purgative. But in reality, its toxicity makes it hazardous to human health. Some forms of Antimony are toxic to red blood cells, though others are almost harmless. Antimony has two natural isotopes. The heavier of these is known as stibium. A small amount of the heavier atom can be found in food. In addition to this, there are twenty radioactive isotopes of Antimony. The main commercially important derivative of this metalloid is, Antimony trifluoride. It is used as a fluorination reagent in organic chemistry.

The history of Antimony is one of interest and wonder. In 1615, German chemist and physician, Andreas Libavius described an alternative method, in which stibnite was reduced directly to metallic antimony by reaction with iron. During the Middle Ages, alchemists were under the impression that Antimony could be implied to transform lead into gold. These alchemical beliefs, however, have not been confirmed.

In the late 17th century, French chemist Nicolas Lemery began publishing detailed reports on the Antimony element. His book entitled Treatise on Antimony, is considered to be the first scientific description of the element.

A century later, Italian metallurgist Vannoccio Biringuccio published an article on the element. Initially, it was thought that Antimony was lead.

Antimony is found in nature under metallic and non-metallic forms. The production of Antimony is broken down into primary and secondary production. In the early 1990s, China began to increase its production, which resulted in the country producing more than 80% of the world's supply. Since then, its production has steadily decreased.

Several countries have deposits of Antimony. Russia and Mexico have significant deposits, while Germany, England, and Austria have smaller ones. This element is a byproduct of lead smelting. As of 2020, about half of the world's production of Antimony comes from China. It has been known since ancient times. This element is found in various minerals, including stibnite, jamesonite, and kermesite. However, most of the Antimony is mined from sulfide ores.

Pure Antimony is a silvery white metal that forms crystals in a hexagonal system. Antimony is not combustible and it can be harmful to the eyes and skin. Antimony can also cause problems with the lungs, heart, and stomach. Workers may be harmed from exposure to antimony and its compounds. However, it does pose a moderate fire and explosion hazard. When oxidized in air, Antimony produces Antimony trioxide. Antimony's electrical structure resembles that of arsenic. As a result, Antimony is readily oxidized by halogens. The element can be found in four allotropes. They are: crystalline, granular, oxidation state +3, and oxidation state +5. As a catalyst, it speeds up chemical reactions. Interestingly, Antimony does not combine with oxygen of the air at room temperature. Hence, this element is stable in dry environments. Moreover, it does not react with most cold acids. Another property of Antimony is that it improves the hardness of brittle alloys.

This element has several uses in the world today. This element is used to help separate gold from silver in jewelry.

It has many different uses across many different industries. For example, it is a component in Antimony alloys, which are important materials for solders, bearings and other applications. Additionally, Antimony is an important constituent of organometallic substances. Aside from being a key material in metal production, it is also widely used in the plastics industry.

Besides its metallurgical applications, Antimony has been used to treat leishmaniasis. Another use of Antimony is in a variety of semiconductors. Most of the Antimony used in these devices is a highly pure product. It is used to make batteries and transistors. This element is also used in small arms and bullets. Lead storage batteries are among the major users of Antimony. Throughout history, Antimony has been used in many ways. It was used to darken the eyelids of ancient Egyptians and, was also used to produce coloured glazes for glassware.


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References


  • W. M. Haynes, ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press/Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, FL, 95th Edition, Internet Version 2015, accessed December 2014.

  • Tables of Physical & Chemical Constants, Kaye & Laby Online, 16th edition, 1995. Version 1.0 (2005), accessed December 2014.

  • J. S. Coursey, D. J. Schwab, J. J. Tsai, and R. A. Dragoset, Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions (version 4.1), 2015, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, accessed November 2016.

  • T. L. Cottrell, The Strengths of Chemical Bonds, Butterworth, London, 1954.

  • John Emsley, Nature’s Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements, Oxford University Press, New York, 2nd Edition, 2011.

  • Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility - Office of Science Education, It’s Elemental - The Periodic Table of Elements, accessed December 2014.

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