Bromine - TablaPe

Uses and Properties

Image Explanation

Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are a class of chemical compounds that contain bromine and are added to a wide range of materials to reduce their flammability.

Appearance

Bromine is a deep-red, oily liquid with a sharp smell. It is toxic.

Uses

Bromine Unleashed: Exploring the Diverse Applications of an Elemental Innovator

Bromine, a halogen element with the symbol Br and atomic number 35, is a remarkable element with a wide range of applications that span various industries. Known for its distinct properties and versatility, bromine plays a pivotal role in everything from healthcare to flame retardants and even photography. In this article, we will delve into the intriguing world of bromine, exploring its diverse and vital applications that impact our daily lives.

Flame Retardants

One of the most well-known applications of bromine is as a flame retardant. Brominated flame retardants are compounds that contain bromine and are added to a variety of materials, including plastics, textiles, and electronics, to reduce their flammability. These flame retardants are essential for enhancing fire safety in various products. By slowing down the ignition and spread of flames, bromine-based flame retardants help save lives and protect property.

Pharmaceuticals

Bromine has found its way into the world of medicine and healthcare. Organic bromine compounds, known as bromides, have been used historically to treat epilepsy and other neurological disorders. Although their use has diminished over time due to the development of more effective medications, bromides were once instrumental in managing certain medical conditions.

Water Treatment

Bromine is also employed in water treatment processes, particularly in swimming pools and hot tubs. Bromine-based chemicals, such as bromine tablets or sodium bromide, are added to the water to disinfect and kill harmful microorganisms. Bromine offers an effective alternative to chlorine, especially in hot water systems where chlorine can be less stable.

Drilling Fluids in Oil and Gas Industry

The oil and gas industry relies on bromine compounds as components of drilling fluids. These fluids are used to lubricate drilling equipment, control pressure, and ensure the stability of boreholes during drilling operations. Bromine compounds enhance the performance of these drilling fluids, making them crucial for the extraction of hydrocarbons.

Photography

Bromine's role in photography dates back to the early days of the medium. Silver bromide, a light-sensitive compound containing bromine, is a key component of traditional photographic emulsions. When exposed to light, silver bromide undergoes chemical changes, forming the basis for capturing images on photographic film. While digital photography has largely replaced traditional film, the historical significance of bromine in photography cannot be understated.

Agriculture

Bromine-based compounds are used in agriculture to control pests and diseases. Methyl bromide, for instance, was once widely used as a soil fumigant to eliminate harmful nematodes, insects, and pathogens in agricultural fields. However, its use has been largely phased out due to environmental concerns, and alternative pest control methods have been adopted.

Drilling Fluids in Geothermal Energy Production

Geothermal energy production relies on the circulation of fluids in underground reservoirs to capture heat from the Earth's core. Bromine compounds are used as additives in these drilling fluids to control corrosion and maintain the integrity of geothermal wells. These compounds help protect the equipment and ensure the efficiency of heat extraction.

Mercury Emission Control

Bromine compounds are employed in reducing mercury emissions from industrial processes. The addition of bromine-based sorbents to exhaust gases can capture and remove mercury, a harmful pollutant, before it is released into the atmosphere. This application helps mitigate the environmental impact of industrial activities.

Soil Stabilization

Bromine-based chemicals are used in soil stabilization, particularly in construction and civil engineering projects. These chemicals can improve the stability and load-bearing capacity of soil, making them valuable in road construction, foundations, and other infrastructure projects.

Research and Development

Bromine's unique chemical properties make it a valuable tool in research and development. It is used in laboratories for various purposes, including organic synthesis, chemical analysis, and the development of new materials.

Conclusion

Bromine, often overshadowed by its more well-known counterparts in the periodic table, is a versatile and indispensable element in our modern world. Its diverse applications, ranging from flame retardants to pharmaceuticals and even photography, highlight the impact of this halogen on our daily lives.

As we continue to explore its uses and develop new applications, bromine remains a hidden innovator in various industries, contributing to our safety, technology, and environmental stewardship. Its remarkable versatility and unique properties make bromine an essential element in the tapestry of our industrial and scientific achievements.

History

Elements and Periodic Table History

Bromine, a chemical element with the symbol Br and atomic number 35, is a unique halogen that has a rich and storied history. From its discovery as a component of seawater to its diverse applications in industry and technology, the story of Bromine is one of continuous evolution and innovation. In this article, we will explore the fascinating history of Bromine, from its ancient roots to its pivotal role in our modern world.

Bromine's Ancient Origins

The history of Bromine begins with the discovery of its compounds rather than the element itself. Ancient civilizations were unknowingly using bromine compounds, although they had no knowledge of the element.

Salt Production in Antiquity

Bromine was first encountered in the form of bromide salts, which are abundant in seawater and salt deposits. Ancient civilizations, including the Egyptians and the Phoenicians, used these salts in salt production, albeit without recognizing the presence of bromine.

Medicinal and Alchemical Uses

In the Middle Ages, alchemists and physicians experimented with various minerals and substances, including bromine-containing compounds. They believed these compounds had medicinal properties, although their understanding of the chemistry was rudimentary at best.

The Discovery of Bromine

Bromine remained largely unknown until the early 19th century when the Swedish chemist Carl Jacob Löwig and the French chemist Antoine Jérôme Balard independently isolated bromine in 1825. Balard discovered bromine while investigating the residues from salt evaporation in Montpellier, France. The element was named "bromine" from the Greek word "bromos," meaning "stench," due to its unpleasant smell.

Early Experiments and Scientific Exploration

With the isolation of bromine, scientists began to explore its properties and potential applications. It became apparent that bromine shared some characteristics with other halogens, such as chlorine and iodine. Its distinctive red-brown color and pungent odor set it apart from its elemental counterparts.

Applications in the 19th Century

The 19th century saw the emergence of various applications for bromine, reflecting its unique properties. Bromine compounds were used in photography as light-sensitive agents, playing a vital role in the early days of the photographic industry.

Bromine in Medicine and Wellness

Bromine compounds, such as potassium bromide, gained popularity in the 19th century for their sedative and calming effects. These compounds were used to treat a range of ailments, from anxiety and insomnia to seizures. While their use has waned in modern medicine, they remain a testament to bromine's historical significance.

Industrial and Technological Advancements

The industrial revolution marked a period of rapid growth in the use of bromine compounds. The development of new chemical processes and the expansion of industry created a demand for bromine in various applications.

Flame Retardants

One of the most significant applications of bromine compounds emerged in the form of flame retardants. Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) became essential in enhancing fire safety in a wide range of products, from electronics to textiles and construction materials. These compounds slow down the spread of flames and reduce the release of toxic gases during combustion.

Drilling Fluids and Oil Production

Bromine compounds found their way into the oil and gas industry, where they were used in drilling fluids to lubricate equipment, control pressure, and stabilize boreholes. The oil industry's reliance on bromine-based compounds played a pivotal role in hydrocarbon extraction.

Challenges and Environmental Concerns

While the diverse applications of bromine have greatly contributed to industry and technology, they have also raised concerns. The environmental impact of certain bromine compounds has prompted regulatory actions and the development of alternative flame-retardant chemicals that are less harmful to the environment and human health.

The history of Bromine is a testament to the evolution of scientific understanding and its subsequent impact on industry and technology. From its ancient use in salt production to its vital role in flame retardants and drilling fluids, bromine has continually adapted to the needs of society.

As we continue to explore its applications and address environmental and health concerns, bromine remains a dynamic and indispensable element in our modern world. Its unique history, marked by discovery and innovation, underscores the enduring impact of chemistry on our ever-changing world. Bromine, once unknown and unappreciated, is now recognized as a versatile and essential element that continues to shape our lives.

Atomic Data

Atomic Radiues, Non-bonded (A): 1.85

Electron Affinity (kJ mol-1): 324.537

Covalent Radiues (A): 1.17

Electronegativity (Pauling Scale): 2.96

Ionisation Energies (kJ mol-1)	1st	2nd	3rd	4th	5th	6th	7th	8th
	1139.859	2083.215	3473	4563.8	5760.2	8548.6	9938	18602.4

Oxidation States and Isotopes

Common oxidation states 1

Isotope	Atomic Mass	Natural Abundance	Half Life	Mode of Decay
⁷⁹Br	78.918	50.69	-	-
⁸¹Br	80.916	49.31	-	-

Supply Risk

Relative Supply Risk: 7

Crustal Abundance (ppm): 0.88

Recycle Rate (%): Unknown

Production Conc.(%) : 44.2

Top 3 Producers:
1) USA
2) China
3) Israel

Top 3 Reserve Holders:
1) USA
2) China
3) Spain

Substitutability: Unknown

Political Stability of Top Producer: 56.6

Political Stability of Top Reserve Holder: 56.6

Pressure and Temperature Data

Specific Heat Capacity: 474

Shear Modulus: Unknown

Young Modulus: Unknown

Bulk Modulus: 1.9

Pressure 400k	Pressure 600k	Pressure 800k	Pressure 1000k	Pressure 1200k	Pressure 1400k	Pressure 1600k	Pressure 1800k	Pressure 2000k	Pressure 2200k	Pressure 2400k
-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	1.9

Podcast

Transcript :

Among all the elements in the periodic table, Bromine is a fairly common element. It is part of the halogen family, which also includes Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, Astatine and Tennessine. They form pairs of bonds with metals to form salts. Unlike chlorine, Bromine is not soluble in acidic water. It is a powerful oxidizer, and it reacts vigorously with aliphatic hydrocarbons, alkenes, phenols, amines, and aromatic compounds. The human body contains 0.0004 percent of Bromine. There are 29 known isotopes of the element. The Bromine vapor is highly toxic and irritating to the throat, eyes and skin. If Bromine is inhaled more consistently, it may result in cancer or brain damage. It has also been found to be a good fire retardant, and can increase ignition resistance in materials.

Bromine is fairly easy to produce, but it is not without its risks. Its vapors are extremely toxic and can damage major organs in the human body, as well as causing skin burns. It can also be absorbed through contaminated food and water, and spontaneously ignites when combined with potassium, phosphorous and tin.

During the past two decades, scientists have made consistent observations of a seasonal thinning of the ozone layer in the Polar Regions. While these natural reductions have been followed by a recovery, it appears that the depletion is occurring in an area beyond the natural processes.

The depletion of the ozone layer is believed to be caused by catalytic destruction of ozone by chlorine and Bromine. Compounds of both of them are used in pesticides, fire extinguishers, and refrigerants. They are also used in aerosol spray and can propellants.

The name of the element comes from the Greek word for a bad smell: Bromos. The discovery of Bromine in 1825 was attributed to German chemist Carl Lowig. In that year, he discovered a red-brown liquid in solution. At the time, Lowig did not publish his findings. Instead, he received a call from Leopold Gmelin, who advised Lowig to produce more Bromine. Gmelin was aware that the chemistry community had long been seeking an element that could be used to purify water. He suggested that Lowig experiment with a solution of ether and Bromine. During the First World War, the German scientist Justus von Liebig discovered the poison gas, xylyl bromide. It was used by police forces around the world. In addition, potassium bromide was used to treat epilepsy in dogs. But it was found to be highly toxic.

Among the 17th group of elements, Bromine is one of the lightest members of the halogen family. This element is found in the earth crust and sea water. Bromine is discovered naturally in ocean water and some thermal springs. It is produced commercially from natural brines. Seawater is the primary source of terrestrial Bromine. The abundance of Bromine in seawater is estimated at 65 parts per million by weight. This element can be found as a granular product and in oil and seawater brines. Bromine is also found in the human body, in the air around us, and in our food. It also occurs naturally in some lakes and salt-water marshes. In the United States, Bromine mineral deposits can be found in natural brine wells in Michigan and Arkansas. This element is also mined in Japan and Russia. It is estimated that Bromine production will reach around 330000 tons per year in the coming decades.

During the 20th century, Bromine was isolated from sea water on an industrial scale. The extraction process was simple and environmentally friendly. It involved the oxidation of Bromine ions in seawater and the recycling of waste gas.

The main method of extracting Bromine from sea water involves the use of a high-gravity tower and chlorine. The Bromine containing brine is heated with a heat pump. It is then distilled. Bromine extraction is a very safe process that has high purity. It can be carried out at a temperature of 80 deg C. This element is highly effective when the distillation temperature is 88-92 deg C.

Bromine possesses properties similar to iodine and chlorine. It is fuming a red-brown liquid at room temperature. It reacts with many metals and organic compounds. This element is also soluble in acetic acid, water, alcohols, nonpolar solvents, and carbon disulfide. Bromine is also miscible with many halogenated solvents. Bromine is a liquid non-metallic element at standard room temperature. The color is red-brown and the odor is intense. It has a boiling point of 59 degrees Celsius. Known for its sharp smell, Bromine is a corrosive liquid that can be absorbed through the skin or through contaminated food.

Despite being a highly toxic element, there are still some commercial uses of it. Bromine has been used to treat water and to disinfect pools. It is also found in pesticides and has even been used to color clothing in ancient times.

Bromine has some very intriguing uses in the fire prevention field and it is also used to make brominated flame retardants. The Bromine market is growing at a rapid rate since it is also used in mercury emission control and oil and gas drilling.

Bromine is an important component of photographic emulsions. It is also used as an emulsifier in citrus-flavoured drinks. This element is also used as an additive to rubber. It is also a major component in refrigerants.

One of the more interesting aspects of Bromine is the fact that several compounds have it. One compound, tetrabromobisphenol-A, is a fire retardant and is used in electronic equipments. In fact, the use of tetrabromobisphenol-A is accelerating due to the growth of the Asian economy. The second is 1-2-dibromoethane, a chemical that is used as an additive in gasoline to avoid lead deposits around the spark plug.

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References

W. M. Haynes, ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, CRC Press/Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, FL, 95th Edition, Internet Version 2015, accessed December 2014.

Tables of Physical & Chemical Constants, Kaye & Laby Online, 16th edition, 1995. Version 1.0 (2005), accessed December 2014.

J. S. Coursey, D. J. Schwab, J. J. Tsai, and R. A. Dragoset, Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions (version 4.1), 2015, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, accessed November 2016.

T. L. Cottrell, The Strengths of Chemical Bonds, Butterworth, London, 1954.

John Emsley, Nature’s Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements, Oxford University Press, New York, 2nd Edition, 2011.

Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility - Office of Science Education, It’s Elemental - The Periodic Table of Elements, accessed December 2014.

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